Question 1

Classify different types of fires (A, B, C, D, F/K) encountered onboard a ship, identify the appropriate portable fire extinguishers for each class, and explain their operational principles and maintenance requirements.

Accepted Answer

**Class A Fires:** Involve solid combustible materials (wood, paper, textiles, plastics). Extinguishing agent: Water, Foam, ABC Dry Powder. Principle: Cooling and smothering. **Class B Fires:** Involve flammable liquids (fuel oil, lube oil, paints, solvents). Extinguishing agent: Foam, CO2, ABC Dry Powder. Principle: Smothering (oxygen exclusion) and cooling. **Class C Fires:** Involve flammable gases (propane, butane, methane). Extinguishing agent: CO2, ABC Dry Powder. Principle: Smothering (cu

Question 2

Define 'Lifesaving Appliances' (LSA) as per SOLAS, list the main types of LSA carried onboard a cargo ship, and briefly explain their purpose.

Accepted Answer

Lifesaving Appliances (LSA) are equipment, devices, and arrangements required by SOLAS Chapter III and the LSA Code, designed to ensure the safety of persons onboard a ship, facilitate escape, and aid survival at sea. **Survival Craft:** Lifeboats (totally enclosed, freefall, partially enclosed) and liferafts (inflatable, rigid). Purpose: To provide a means of collective survival and escape from a distressed vessel. **Rescue Boats:** Rigid or inflatable boats designed for rescuing persons in dis

Question 3

What constitutes 'Emergency Preparedness' onboard a vessel, and what key elements are required by the ISM Code to ensure effective response to various shipboard emergencies?

Accepted Answer

Emergency Preparedness is the ship's ability to effectively respond to any foreseeable emergency situation (e.g., fire, collision, grounding, man overboard, pollution) to mitigate harm to personnel, ship, cargo, and the marine environment. **ISM Code Section 8: Emergency Preparedness** requires companies to establish procedures to identify, describe and respond to potential emergency shipboard situations. Key elements include the development of comprehensive **Emergency Procedures** and **Contin

Question 4

Define dynamic stability and explain its significance in assessing a ship's ability to resist capsizing, particularly under large angles of heel.

Accepted Answer

**Definition:** Dynamic stability is the work done (energy required) to heel a ship to a certain angle, represented by the area under the GZ (righting arm) curve up to that angle of heel. **GZ Curve:** The GZ curve plots the righting arm (GZ) against the angle of heel. The area under this curve directly represents dynamic stability. **Significance:** While initial stability (GM) is crucial for small angles of heel, dynamic stability is vital for assessing a ship's ability to recover from large a

Question 5

Define 'floodable length' and explain its importance in ship subdivision and damage stability calculations as per international regulations.

Accepted Answer

**Definition:** Floodable length at any point in the length of a ship is the maximum length of a compartment, having its center at that point, which can be flooded without submerging the bulkhead deck. **Bulkhead Deck:** This is the uppermost continuous deck to which the watertight bulkheads extend. It serves as the reference for determining the permissible extent of flooding. **Permeability:** The calculation of floodable length takes into account the 'permeability' of the compartment, which is

Question 6

Outline the immediate actions and subsequent procedures a marine engineer must take if a ship compartment is bilged and flooded at sea.

Accepted Answer

**Immediate Actions (Emergency Phase):** Sound the general alarm, inform the Master/Bridge immediately, identify the bilged compartment(s) and assess the extent of damage (e.g., through sounding pipes, visual inspection if safe). **Safety of Personnel:** Account for all personnel, especially those in or near the affected area. Ensure safe access for damage control teams. **Containment:** Attempt to limit the spread of water by closing watertight doors, valves, and any other openings in adjacent

Question 7

What is the purpose of a Load Line Certificate, what information does it contain, and what international convention governs its issuance and validity?

Accepted Answer

**Purpose:** The Load Line Certificate certifies that a ship has been surveyed and marked with load lines in accordance with the International Convention on Load Lines, ensuring it has adequate reserve buoyancy and stability for safe operation in various zones and seasons. **Governing Convention:** The International Convention on Load Lines (ICLL), 1966, as amended by its 1988 Protocol (LL 66/88), governs the assignment and marking of load lines. **Information Contained:** The certificate includ

Question 8

Differentiate between a 'metal fire' (Class D) and a 'hydrogen fire,' including the specific hazards they present and the appropriate extinguishing agents and techniques for each.

Accepted Answer

**Class D Fires (Combustible Metals):** Involve metals like magnesium, titanium, sodium, potassium, and lithium. These metals burn at extremely high temperatures and react violently with common extinguishing agents. **Hazards of Class D:** Produce intense heat, toxic fumes, and can react explosively with water, CO2, or foam, generating hydrogen gas (e.g., water on magnesium). The burning metal can also spatter and spread the fire. **Extinguishing Agents for Class D:** Specialized dry powders (e.

Question 9

Describe the various types of fire detectors (smoke, heat, flame) used onboard ships, explain their working principles, and specify which types are typically installed in cargo spaces, accommodation, and machinery spaces.

Accepted Answer

**Smoke Detectors (Ionization Type):** Contain two electrically charged plates and a small radioactive source that ionizes the air, creating a current. Smoke particles entering the chamber disrupt this current, triggering an alarm. Good for rapidly spreading, visible fires. **Smoke Detectors (Photoelectric Type):** Work on the principle of light obscuration or light scattering. A light source and a sensor are arranged. When smoke enters, it either blocks the light beam (obscuration) or scatters

Question 10

Detail the weekly, monthly, quarterly, and annual checks required for portable fire extinguishers, including specific inspections for the cap, relief holes, and pressure gauges, and the maintenance for DCP extinguishers.

Accepted Answer

**Weekly Checks:** Visual inspection for correct location, accessibility, clear operating instructions, tamper seals intact, no obvious damage (dents, corrosion), and ensuring the pressure gauge is in the green zone (if fitted). **Monthly Checks:** All weekly checks plus: Weighing CO2 and Halon extinguishers to ensure no loss of content (typically 10% permissible loss), checking hoses and nozzles for blockages or damage, and verifying expiry dates for hydrostatic testing. **Quarterly Checks:** A

Question 11

Why are chemical foam extinguishers generally not used on modern ships, and what types of foam agents have replaced them for marine firefighting?

Accepted Answer

**Chemical Foam Extinguishers (Principle):** Generated foam by a chemical reaction between two separate solutions (e.g., sodium bicarbonate and aluminum sulfate) when mixed, producing CO2 gas and foam. **Reasons for Obsolescence:** They are heavy, cumbersome, have a limited shelf life for the chemical charges, and the foam quality can degrade over time. The reaction is less controllable and less efficient than mechanical foam. **Environmental Concerns:** The chemicals used, particularly older fo

Question 12

What recent amendments or updates have been introduced regarding the requirements and deployment of portable fire extinguishers onboard ships?

Accepted Answer

**SOLAS II-2/10.3.2.1 Amendment (effective Jan 1, 2018):** Requires all portable fire extinguishers on ships to be of the 'approved type' and 'design and construction' as per FSS Code 4.2.2.1 and 4.2.2.3, emphasizing compliance with international standards. **FSS Code Updates:** The FSS Code (International Code for Fire Safety Systems) is regularly updated, which directly impacts portable extinguisher requirements, including performance standards, testing, and maintenance. **Capacity and Distrib

Question 13

Describe the specific fire extinguishing and firefighting equipment typically provided on a boiler platform, and outline the procedure for fighting a fire in this area.

Accepted Answer

**Portable Extinguishers:** Typically, at least one 9-litre foam or 5 kg CO2/Dry Powder extinguisher is located on or near the boiler platform, suitable for Class B (oil) and electrical fires. **Fixed Fire Extinguishing System:** The entire machinery space (including the boiler area) is protected by a fixed fire extinguishing system, often CO2, water mist, or high-expansion foam, which can be discharged locally or remotely. **Fire Hydrant & Hose:** A fire hydrant with a connected fire hose and n

Question 14

Explain the difference between low expansion and high expansion foam applicators, their respective applications, and how to identify which type is being used.

Accepted Answer

**Foam Expansion Ratio:** The ratio of the volume of finished foam produced to the volume of foam solution (water + concentrate) used. This ratio dictates the type of applicator. **Low Expansion Foam:** Has an expansion ratio typically between 1:1 and 20:1. It produces a dense, stable foam blanket that effectively smothers and cools liquid fuel fires. **Low Expansion Applicators:** Characterized by a simple nozzle or monitor design that entrains a small amount of air. Examples include foam branc

Question 15

Describe the various types of fixed fire fighting systems commonly installed in engine rooms, cargo holds, and on deck of a ship, including their operational principles, and relevant regulatory requirements.

Accepted Answer

**Engine Room (Machinery Spaces):** Primarily protected by **Fixed Gas Fire Extinguishing Systems (CO2)**, **Water Mist Systems**, or **High Expansion Foam Systems**. **CO2 System (Engine Room):** Principle: Total flooding by displacing oxygen to smother the fire. Stored in high-pressure cylinders. Requires evacuation of personnel before discharge due to asphyxiation risk. Effective on Class B and C fires. **Water Mist System (Engine Room):** Principle: Discharges fine water droplets (mist) to c

Question 16

Detail the contents of a CO2 room, the weekly inspection procedures for a fixed CO2 fire extinguishing system, the CO2 release procedure for the engine room, and how to ascertain the number of bottles released.

Accepted Answer

**CO2 Room Contents:** Contains the banks of CO2 cylinders (typically 45kg or 67kg each), manifold, pilot cylinders (for remote activation), control valves, pressure gauges, remote release pull handles/levers, operating instructions, and safety signage. **Weekly Inspection Procedures:** 1. Check CO2 room for general cleanliness, accessibility, and proper ventilation. 2. Verify all cylinder valves are secured, and the manifold valves are in the correct (closed) position. 3. Check pilot cylinder p

Question 17

As per SOLAS regulations, what are the requirements for the quantity of CO2 gas required for fixed fire extinguishing systems in machinery spaces and cargo holds?

Accepted Answer

**Machinery Spaces (Total Flooding):** The quantity of CO2 required for machinery spaces is calculated based on the gross volume of the largest machinery space, including the casing, up to the top of the funnel or the highest point to which the CO2 may rise. **Required Concentration:** The system must be capable of delivering a minimum concentration of 30% CO2 by volume at 20°C in the protected space. This concentration must be achieved within 10 minutes. **Calculation Basis:** The quantity of C

Question 18

Describe the 'Hypermist' (water mist) fire fighting system, including its typical location onboard, the type of pump used (freshwater or seawater), and its advantages over traditional systems.

Accepted Answer

**Description:** A water mist system is a fixed fire extinguishing system that discharges very fine water droplets (mist) at high pressure through specialized nozzles. These droplets have a large total surface area for efficient heat absorption. **Working Principle:** It extinguishes fire primarily by 1. **Cooling:** Rapidly absorbs heat from the fire, converting water to steam. 2. **Oxygen Displacement:** The expanding steam displaces oxygen in the vicinity of the fire, smothering it. 3. **Radi

Question 19

If a fire occurs inside the CO2 room itself, what specialized firefighting techniques and safety precautions must be employed?

Accepted Answer

**Initial Assessment:** Determine the nature of the fire. Is it electrical (Class E), involving combustible materials (Class A), or a leaking CO2 cylinder (unlikely to be a fire source, but a hazard)? **Primary Hazard:** A fire in the CO2 room poses a severe risk of heat affecting the CO2 cylinders, potentially leading to overpressure and rupture of relief discs, or even an uncontrolled discharge of the fixed system, creating an asphyxiation hazard. **Immediate Actions:** 1. Raise the general al

Question 20

Explain the requirements of SOLAS Chapter II-2 Regulation 16 concerning 'Tanker Safety' or 'Arrangements for oil fuel, lubrication oil and other flammable oils,' specifically as it applies to tanker ships.

Accepted Answer

**SOLAS Chapter II-2, Regulation 16: Arrangements for oil fuel, lubricating oil and other flammable oils.** This regulation sets out detailed requirements for the safe storage, transfer, and use of flammable liquids on all ships, with specific enhanced requirements for tankers. **General Requirements (all ships):** Includes provisions for the safe construction and installation of oil fuel and lubricating oil systems, such as non-combustible materials for pipes, isolation valves at tanks, and pro

Question 21

Describe the purpose and required contents of a ship's Fire Safety Plan (or Fire Fighting Booklet), where it must be kept onboard, and its importance for emergency response.

Accepted Answer

**Purpose:** The Fire Safety Plan (also known as Fire Fighting Booklet) provides clear, detailed information to the ship's crew and shore-based firefighters on the ship's fire protection arrangements, firefighting equipment, and emergency procedures, to facilitate rapid and effective fire response. **Regulatory Requirement:** Mandated by SOLAS Chapter II-2, it must be permanently exhibited for the guidance of the ship's officers and accessible to shore-based firefighting personnel. **Required Co

Question 22

Detail the SOLAS requirements for lifeboat engines, including starting arrangements, fuel capacity, and the mandatory markings on a lifeboat, especially for freefall lifeboats, including their maximum launching speed.

Accepted Answer

**Lifeboat Engine Requirements (SOLAS Ch III Reg 36 & LSA Code 4.4.6):** 1. **Reliable Engine:** Must be a compression ignition engine (diesel) capable of starting and running for at least 6 minutes from cold, and 2 minutes from cold at -15°C without external aid. 2. **Fuel Capacity:** Sufficient fuel to run at 6 knots for at least 24 hours (or 2 knots for rescue boats). 3. **Starting Arrangement:** Must have at least two independent means of starting (e.g., hydraulic hand pump, spring starter,

Question 23

Describe the procedures for launching an inflatable life raft, including both manual and hydrostatic release methods, and explain the purpose of static and dynamic load tests performed during servicing.

Accepted Answer

**Manual Launch Procedure:** 1. Clear the launch area, ensure access. 2. Secure the painter line to a strong point on the ship (e.g., deck eye). 3. Release the life raft from its cradle/lashing. 4. Push/throw the life raft overboard. 5. Pull on the painter line to activate the inflation cylinder, ensuring the raft inflates correctly. 6. Once inflated, secure the raft alongside for boarding and cut the painter line after all personnel are safely onboard. **Hydrostatic Release Unit (HRU) Principle

Question 24

What are the specific requirements of SOLAS Chapter III, Regulation C (or relevant specific regulation) concerning the number, distribution, and equipment of lifebuoys onboard a ship?

Accepted Answer

**Governing Regulation:** SOLAS Chapter III, Regulation 32 (Lifebuoys) and LSA Code Chapter II (General Requirements for Life-Saving Appliances) and Chapter 2.1 (Lifebuoys). **Number of Lifebuoys:** The number required varies with the ship's length: 1. **Under 100m:** 8 lifebuoys. 2. **100m to <150m:** 10 lifebuoys. 3. **150m to <200m:** 12 lifebuoys. 4. **200m or more:** 14 lifebuoys. **Distribution:** Lifebuoys must be distributed to be readily available on both sides of the ship and, where pr

Question 25

Provide an overview of SOLAS Chapter III, outlining its main objective and key areas of regulation concerning Life-Saving Appliances and Arrangements.

Accepted Answer

**Main Objective:** SOLAS Chapter III (Life-Saving Appliances and Arrangements) aims to minimize the risk to life at sea by establishing international standards for the provision, maintenance, and operational readiness of life-saving appliances and arrangements on ships. **Scope:** It applies to passenger ships and cargo ships engaged on international voyages, covering all aspects from design and construction to operation and training related to LSA. **Key Areas of Regulation:** 1. **General Req

Question 26

Identify the MARPOL Annexes that are applicable to your specific ship type (e.g., oil tanker, bulk carrier, containership) and briefly explain the primary objective of each applicable Annex.

Accepted Answer

**MARPOL 73/78:** The International Convention for the Prevention of Pollution from Ships, 1973, as modified by the Protocol of 1978. Its main objective is the prevention of pollution of the marine environment by ships from operational or accidental causes. **Annex I: Regulations for the Prevention of Pollution by Oil.** Primary Objective: To prevent pollution by oil from operational discharges and accidental spills. Applicable to all ships (including tankers, bulk carriers, containerships) that

Question 27

Discuss the key international regulations and practices related to marine environmental protection that marine engineers must adhere to, beyond MARPOL Annexes, to prevent pollution from ships.

Accepted Answer

**Anti-Fouling Systems (AFS Convention):** The International Convention on the Control of Harmful Anti-fouling Systems on Ships prohibits the use of harmful organotin compounds (e.g., TBT) in anti-fouling paints and controls other harmful substances. Marine engineers ensure compliance during drydocking and paint procurement. **Ballast Water Management (BWM Convention):** The International Convention for the Control and Management of Ships' Ballast Water and Sediments aims to prevent the spread o

Question 28

Elaborate on the specific regulations and discharge criteria for MARPOL Annex IV (Sewage) and Annex V (Garbage), including new amendments. Also, identify the primary pollutants and associated certificates under MARPOL Annex VI (Air Pollution) and discuss recent amendments.

Accepted Answer

MARPOL Annex IV (Sewage): Regulates discharge of sewage. Requires an approved sewage treatment plant or holding tank. Discharge of treated sewage (comminuted and disinfected by an approved plant) is permissible >3 nautical miles from nearest land. Untreated sewage discharge is permissible >12 nautical miles from nearest land, provided it is discharged at a rate approved by the Administration while en route. MARPOL Annex V (Garbage): Prohibits discharge of all plastics. Specifies distances from n

Question 29

Provide an overview of the International Maritime Organization (IMO), its primary safety-related conventions and codes, and specifically detail key chapters of SOLAS, including Chapter III, Chapter VI, Chapter VII, Chapter XIV, and Chapter XV (Polar Code).

Accepted Answer

IMO (International Maritime Organization): A specialized agency of the United Nations responsible for measures to improve the safety and security of international shipping and to prevent marine pollution from ships. It adopts conventions, protocols, and codes. Primary Safety Conventions: SOLAS (Safety of Life at Sea), Load Lines, STCW (Standards of Training, Certification and Watchkeeping for Seafarers), COLREG (International Regulations for Preventing Collisions at Sea). SOLAS Chapter III (Life

Question 30

Explain the purpose of the ISM Code, and differentiate between a 'non-conformity' and a 'major non-conformity' as defined within the code, providing examples.

Accepted Answer

ISM Code (International Safety Management Code): An international standard for the safe management and operation of ships and for pollution prevention. It establishes a safety management system (SMS) for companies and ships. Purpose: To ensure safety at sea, prevent human injury or loss of life, and avoid damage to the marine environment and property. It requires companies to develop, implement, and maintain a functional SMS. Non-Conformity (NC): An observed situation where objective evidence in

Question 31

Define 'emergency preparedness' in the marine context and explain how it provides guidance for responding to various shipboard emergencies.

Accepted Answer

Emergency Preparedness: The proactive process of anticipating potential emergencies, developing plans and procedures to mitigate their impact, and ensuring personnel are trained and equipped to respond effectively. Key Components: Emergency plans and procedures (e.g., SOPEP, Shipboard Oil Pollution Emergency Plan; SMPEP, Shipboard Marine Pollution Emergency Plan; Fire Fighting Plan, Muster List), regular drills and exercises, provision of appropriate equipment, and training of personnel. Guidanc

Question 32

Discuss the Maritime Labour Convention (MLC, 2006) in detail, specifically focusing on the regulations regarding seafarers' hours of work and rest.

Accepted Answer

MLC, 2006 (Maritime Labour Convention): A comprehensive international labour convention that establishes minimum working and living standards for seafarers. It's often called the 'seafarers' bill of rights'. Five Titles: Covers minimum requirements for seafarers to work on a ship, conditions of employment, accommodation, recreational facilities, food and catering, health protection, medical care, welfare, and social security protection. Hours of Work and Rest (Standard): Maximum hours of work no

Question 33

Describe the procedure for calibrating a multi-gas meter using span gas, and state the permissible values for oxygen (O2), hydrogen sulphide (H2S), carbon monoxide (CO), and Lower Explosive Limit (LEL) for safe entry into enclosed spaces.

Accepted Answer

Gas Meter Calibration: Essential for accuracy. Typically involves a 'bump test' (functional check) daily before use and a full 'span calibration' at regular intervals (e.g., monthly or quarterly, as per manufacturer/company policy). Span Gas Calibration Procedure: 1. Ensure the meter is clean and free from obstructions. 2. Connect the calibration gas cylinder (span gas, containing known concentrations of target gases) to the meter's inlet using a calibration cap and tubing. 3. Initiate calibrati

Question 34

Detail specific safety aspects for bunkering procedures, battery room entry, and duct keel entry. Additionally, explain the concept of Risk Assessment and differentiate between hot and cold corrosion in marine engines.

Accepted Answer

Bunkering Procedure Safety: 1. Pre-bunkering meeting with terminal/barge. 2. Proper communication system established. 3. All scuppers plugged, drip trays in place. 4. Spill gear (sawdust, absorbents) readily available. 5. Emergency stop procedures understood. 6. Tanks gauged and sounding checked. 7. Max permissible pressure agreed. 8. Continuous monitoring of lines, tank levels, and manifold pressure. 9. No smoking, no naked flames, no hot work. Battery Room Entry Precautions: 1. Ensure adequate

Question 35

Discuss the additional safety measures and arrangements mandated for bulk carriers, particularly concerning cargo holds and structural integrity, and identify where these regulations are specified.

Accepted Answer

SOLAS Chapter XII (Additional Safety Measures for Bulk Carriers): Specifically addresses the unique risks associated with bulk carriers, such as cargo shift, structural failure, and flooding. Strength of Bulkheads: Requires increased strength for transverse bulkheads between cargo holds, especially those carrying high-density cargoes, to withstand flooding of an adjacent hold. Double-Skin Construction: Many bulk carriers are built with double-skin construction in cargo areas to enhance structura

Question 36

If power fails when a piston is hanging in the crane during engine overhaul, what happens, and what safety features are in place?

Accepted Answer

What Happens: In the event of a power failure, the crane's hoisting mechanism (winch motor) will immediately stop. Modern marine cranes are equipped with fail-safe braking systems. The piston will remain suspended in its current position due to the activation of electromagnetic or spring-loaded mechanical brakes. These brakes are designed to engage automatically upon loss of power, ensuring the load does not drop. Safety Features:

Question 37

Explain the safety reasons for opening the inboard valve before the outboard valve in a sea chest or tank system, and the potential consequences if this procedure is reversed.

Accepted Answer

The inboard valve (valve closer to the machinery space) is typically opened first to check for leaks or pressure build-up in the line section between the two valves. This procedure ensures that any accumulated pressure or trapped fluid in the line segment can be safely relieved before opening the final barrier to the sea or tank. Opening the inboard valve first allows any foreign objects or marine growth in the sea chest to be flushed out into the bilge or a safe drain, preventing them from ente

Question 38

State the typical lifespan and inspection requirements for portable fire extinguishers as per marine regulations.

Accepted Answer

**Lifespan:** The typical lifespan of a portable fire extinguisher cylinder is **10 years** from the date of manufacture, after which it must be hydrostatically tested and certified, or replaced. The extinguishing medium (e.g., foam, powder) itself may have a shorter expiry date (e.g., 5 years) and require periodic replacement. **Inspection Requirements:** **1. Monthly Visual Inspection (by ship's crew):** Check accessibility, legible operating instructions, safety pin and tamper seal intact, no

Question 39

Describe the working principle and applications of a Hypermist (water mist) fire extinguishing system onboard ships.

Accepted Answer

**Working Principle:** A Hypermist (or water mist) system discharges fine water droplets (mist) into a protected space under high pressure (typically 100-200 bar, or even higher). The small droplet size (typically less than 1000 microns) creates a large surface area for heat absorption and evaporation. **Fire Extinguishing Mechanisms:** **1. Cooling:** The primary mechanism. Water mist rapidly absorbs heat from the fire, significantly reducing the temperature of the flame and surrounding gases.

Question 40

Describe the components, operational checks, and safety precautions associated with a Self-Contained Breathing Apparatus (SCBA) used onboard ships.

Accepted Answer

**Components:** **1. High-Pressure Air Cylinder:** Stores compressed breathing air (e.g., 200 bar or 300 bar) with typical duration of 30-60 minutes. **2. Backplate and Harness:** For carrying the cylinder and distributing weight. **3. Pressure Reducer/Regulator:** Reduces high cylinder pressure to a manageable intermediate pressure (e.g., 5-8 bar).

Question 41

List the main air pollutants regulated under MARPOL Annex VI and state their specific limits or control measures.

Accepted Answer

**MARPOL Annex VI (Regulations for the Prevention of Air Pollution from Ships)** regulates several key air pollutants from ship exhausts: **1. Sulphur Oxides (SOx):** **Limit:** Global cap of **0.50% m/m** (mass by mass) sulphur content in fuel oil since 1 January 2020. **ECA (Emission Control Area) Limit:** **0.10% m/m** sulphur content in fuel oil within designated ECAs (e.g., Baltic Sea, North Sea, North American ECA).

Question 42

Explain the purpose of the International Ship and Port Facility Security (ISPS) Code and describe the three security levels, including actions required at each level.

Accepted Answer

**Purpose of ISPS Code:** The International Ship and Port Facility Security (ISPS) Code is a comprehensive set of measures developed by the IMO to enhance the security of ships and port facilities. It provides a standardized, consistent framework for assessing security risks and implementing security measures to protect ships and port facilities from acts of terrorism or other security incidents. It mandates security plans for ships and ports, security officers, and risk assessments. **Three Sec

Question 43

Describe the proper safety procedure for entering a ship's duct keel, and define 'trim' in naval architecture.

Accepted Answer

**Duct Keel Entry Procedure (Confined Space Entry):** **1. Risk Assessment & Permit to Work:** Conduct a thorough risk assessment. Obtain a valid 'Permit to Work for Confined Space Entry' signed by the Chief Engineer and Master. **2. Isolation:** Isolate all systems (piping, electrical) passing through the duct keel. Close and secure valves, de-energize and lock out electrical circuits. **3. Gas Freeing & Ventilation:** Open manholes/access points. Ventilate the space thoroughly using portable b

Question 44

Describe the type of foam typically used in semi-portable foam fire extinguishers and its application principles.

Accepted Answer

Semi-portable foam extinguishers typically contain Aqueous Film-Forming Foam (AFFF) concentrate, which is mixed with water to produce foam. AFFF forms a thin, aqueous film that floats on top of flammable liquids, effectively sealing the surface and preventing vapor release, while the foam blanket smothers the fire. Common concentrations for AFFF are 3% or 6%, meaning 3 parts or 6 parts concentrate per 97 or 94 parts water, respectively. These extinguishers are primarily designed for Class B fire

Question 45

Explain the operation of high and low-pressure CO2 fire extinguishing systems, including the 85% discharge regulation, time delays, alarm systems, and safety procedures for CO2 room entry.

Accepted Answer

**High-Pressure CO2 Systems**: CO2 is stored in individual cylinders as a liquid, typically at 45-60 bar pressure at 20°C. Upon activation, pilot cylinders release pressure to open main cylinder valves, discharging CO2 directly into the protected space. **Low-Pressure CO2 Systems**: CO2 is stored in a large, insulated, refrigerated tank as a liquid, typically at -18°C to -22°C and 20-25 bar pressure. A refrigeration unit maintains the low temperature and pressure. Discharge is controlled via mai

Question 46

Compare and contrast traditional sprinkler systems with water mist (hi-fog) systems for fire suppression onboard ships, highlighting key differences in operation and effectiveness.

Accepted Answer

**Sprinkler Systems**: Utilize larger water droplets (typically >1mm) discharged from sprinkler heads. Primarily extinguish fires by cooling the fuel and surrounding area, and by wetting the fuel to prevent reignition. Require a significant volume of water. **Water Mist (Hi-Fog) Systems**: Generate very fine water droplets (typically <1mm, often <200 microns) at high pressure (e.g., >100 bar for high-pressure systems). Extinguish fires by rapid cooling (evaporation absorbs heat), oxygen displace

Question 47

Distinguish between an Emergency Escape Breathing Device (EEBD) and a Self-Contained Breathing Apparatus (SCBA), outlining their purpose, duration, and specific applications onboard.

Accepted Answer

**EEBD (Emergency Escape Breathing Device)**: Designed *solely for escape* from a hazardous atmosphere. Provides a short duration (typically 10-15 minutes) of breathable air. It is a hood-type device, simple and quick to don, without requiring prior training or fit testing. **SCBA (Self-Contained Breathing Apparatus)**: Designed for *entry into and work* in hazardous atmospheres (e.g., firefighting, enclosed space entry, rescue operations). Provides a longer duration of breathable air (typically

Question 48

Identify the primary pollutants and associated regulations under MARPOL Annex V (Garbage) and Annex VI (Air Pollution), including recent amendments.

Accepted Answer

**MARPOL Annex V (Garbage)**: Aims to prevent pollution by garbage from ships. **Annex V Pollutants**: Plastics (prohibited discharge), food waste, domestic waste, operational waste, cargo residues (not harmful to marine environment), animal carcasses, fishing gear. Plastics are the most harmful and their discharge is strictly prohibited globally. **Annex V Regulations**: Prohibits the discharge of all garbage into the sea, except as expressly permitted. Specific discharge criteria exist for foo

Question 49

Explain the key requirements of the Ballast Water Management Convention, including the D1 and D2 standards, its entry into force, and typical entries in the Ballast Water Record Book.

Accepted Answer

**BWM Convention Objective**: To prevent the spread of harmful aquatic organisms and pathogens via ship's ballast water by requiring ships to manage their ballast water. **D1 Standard (Ballast Water Exchange)**: Requires ships to exchange ballast water with at least 95% volumetric exchange. Exchange must occur at least 200 nautical miles from the nearest land and in water at least 200 meters deep. If not possible, then at least 50 nautical miles from land and 200 meters deep. **D2 Standard (Ball

Question 50

Identify and briefly describe the purpose of at least five major international maritime conventions and codes relevant to marine engineering and ship operations.

Accepted Answer

**SOLAS (International Convention for the Safety of Life at Sea)**: The most important international treaty concerning the safety of merchant ships. It sets minimum standards for construction, equipment, and operation of ships. **MARPOL (International Convention for the Prevention of Pollution from Ships)**: The main international convention covering prevention of pollution of the marine environment by ships from operational or accidental causes. It has six technical annexes covering different t

Question 51

Explain the International Safety Management (ISM) Code, its objectives, structure (chapters), and how a Safety Management System (SMS) is developed, implemented, and certified (DOC/SMC).

Accepted Answer

**ISM Code Objective**: To ensure safety at sea, prevent human injury or loss of life, and avoid damage to the environment and to property. It promotes a safety culture and continuous improvement. **Safety Management System (SMS)**: A structured and documented system enabling personnel to effectively implement the company's safety and environmental protection policy. It covers all aspects of ship operation and shore-based support. **ISM Code Structure**: Comprises 16 chapters, covering: General

Question 52

What is the International Ship and Port Facility Security (ISPS) Code, and what specific measures are required for a ship operating at Security Level 3?

Accepted Answer

**ISPS Code**: The International Ship and Port Facility Security Code is a comprehensive set of measures to enhance the security of ships and port facilities, developed in response to the 9/11 attacks. It is an amendment to SOLAS Chapter XI-2. **Objective**: To provide a standardized, consistent framework for risk management, enabling ships and port facilities to cooperate in detecting and deterring threats to maritime security. **Security Levels**: The ISPS Code defines three security levels:

Question 53

Explain the regulations regarding seafarers' work and rest hours as mandated by the Maritime Labour Convention (MLC, 2006).

Accepted Answer

**MLC, 2006 Objective**: Ensures decent working and living conditions for seafarers. Regulation 2.3 specifically addresses hours of work and rest. **Maximum Hours of Work**: Shall not exceed 14 hours in any 24-hour period; and 72 hours in any 7-day period. **Minimum Hours of Rest**: Shall not be less than 10 hours in any 24-hour period; and 77 hours in any 7-day period. **Division of Rest Hours**: Hours of rest may be divided into no more than two periods, one of which must be at least 6 hours l

Question 54

List and briefly describe at least five mandatory international certificates required to be carried onboard a merchant vessel.

Accepted Answer

**International Tonnage Certificate (ITC 69)**: Issued under the 1969 Tonnage Convention, certifying the gross and net tonnage of the ship. **International Load Line Certificate (1966)**: Issued under the International Convention on Load Lines, certifying that the ship complies with freeboard requirements for various zones and seasons. **International Oil Pollution Prevention Certificate (IOPP)**: Issued under MARPOL Annex I, certifying compliance with regulations for the prevention of pollution

Question 55

Define and explain the phenomenon of a Boiling Liquid Expanding Vapor Explosion (BLEVE), including its causes and potential consequences on a ship.

Accepted Answer

**BLEVE Definition**: A Boiling Liquid Expanding Vapor Explosion (BLEVE) is a catastrophic failure of a pressure vessel containing a liquid heated to a temperature significantly above its atmospheric boiling point (i.e., a superheated liquid). This failure typically occurs due to external heat impingement weakening the vessel wall. **Causes**: The most common cause is external fire exposure (e.g., from an adjacent tank fire or a machinery space fire) heating the pressure vessel (e.g., LPG/LNG ca

Question 56

Which types of fire extinguishers are used for electrical circuit fires (Class C/E fires) on board a vessel, and what are their specific advantages and disadvantages?

Accepted Answer

For electrical fires (Class C/E), Carbon Dioxide (CO2) and Dry Powder (DCP) extinguishers are primarily used. CO2 extinguishers work by displacing oxygen and cooling, leaving no residue, which is advantageous for sensitive electrical equipment. DCP extinguishers work by interrupting the chemical reaction of the fire, are highly effective, but leave a significant corrosive residue that can damage electronics. Water-based extinguishers (e.g., foam, water mist) are generally NOT suitable for live e

Question 57

What are the key safety features and operational considerations for critical shipboard equipment such as Engine Room Cranes, Anchor Windlasses, Steering Gear Motors, and Lifeboat Davits?

Accepted Answer

**Engine Room Cranes**: **Safeties**: Overload protection (load cells, limit switches), over-hoist/over-lower limit switches, emergency stop buttons (multiple locations), anti-collision devices (for bridge cranes), brake interlocks, visual/audible alarms for movement. **Operational**: Regular inspection of wire ropes, hooks, brakes, and electrical components. Load testing as per schedule. Only trained personnel to operate. **Anchor Windlasses**: **Safeties**: Overload protection (electrical trip

Question 58

Describe the safety features and operational checks for an engine room overhead crane, focusing on limiting switches and electromagnetic brakes.

Accepted Answer

Safety Features: 1. Limit Switches (Hoisting): Prevent over-hoisting or over-lowering of the hook block, stopping the motor automatically before collision. Typically, an upper limit switch and often a final 'dead man' switch. 2. Limit Switches (Traversing/Longitudinal): Prevent the crane trolley or bridge from hitting end stops. 3. Overload Protection: Prevents lifting loads exceeding the crane's Safe Working Load (SWL), often via a load cell or shear pin connected to a cutout switch. 4. Electro

Question 59

If there is a fire in the Engine Control Room (ECR), will all machinery in the engine room stop automatically? Explain the relevant safety systems and operational protocols.

Accepted Answer

No, not all machinery will stop automatically. The ECR is a critical location, but a fire there does not automatically shut down all engine room machinery. Essential machinery (e.g., main engine, generators) will continue to run as long as their local control and safety systems are operational and supply to them is not interrupted. ECR Fire Detection: Fire detection systems (smoke/heat detectors) in the ECR will activate alarms on the bridge, ECR, and local panels. This alerts personnel to the f

Question 60

What is a 'dead man handle' and where is it typically used on a ship?

Accepted Answer

Definition: A 'dead man handle' (or 'dead man switch') is a safety device designed to stop machinery or systems if the operator becomes incapacitated or releases the control. It requires continuous active engagement by the operator. Working Principle: It typically consists of a spring-loaded lever, button, or pedal that must be held down or engaged by the operator. If the operator releases it (e.g., due to fainting, falling, or becoming distracted), the control automatically returns to a neutral

Question 61

Detail the safety features of an Engine Room (E/R) crane, explain the information found on a motor nameplate, and describe the function of a space heater in electrical motors.

Accepted Answer

**E/R Crane Safeties**: Overload protection (load cells or limit switches) to prevent lifting beyond Safe Working Load (SWL, e.g., 110-125% trip). Hoist and traverse limit switches (upper/lower, end of travel) to prevent mechanical damage. Emergency stop buttons (local and remote). Fail-safe electromagnetic brakes on hoist and traverse, engaging on power failure or emergency stop. Anti-two-block device. Audible and visual alarms for motion and overload. Safety guards on moving parts. Dead man's

Question 62

Explain the regulatory requirements for battery room ventilation onboard ships and why it is critical for safety.

Accepted Answer

**Regulatory Requirement**: Battery rooms (especially for lead-acid batteries, which produce hydrogen during charging) must be adequately ventilated to prevent the accumulation of explosive hydrogen gas. **Hydrogen Gas**: Hydrogen is highly flammable and explosive when mixed with air, with an explosive range of 4% to 75% by volume. **Ventilation Type**: Mechanical ventilation (forced or natural) is typically required, ensuring a continuous flow of fresh air. The ventilation system must be separa

Question 63

Describe the principles and applications of the following fixed fire-fighting systems onboard ships: CO2, Foam, Sprinkler, and Hyper-Mist (Water Mist).

Accepted Answer

**1. CO2 (Carbon Dioxide) System**: A total flooding system for machinery spaces, cargo holds, and paint lockers. CO2 extinguishes fire by suffocation (reducing oxygen concentration below 15%). Stored as liquid under high pressure in cylinders. Released into the protected space via nozzles. Requires evacuation of personnel before release (pre-discharge alarms). Effective on Class B (flammable liquids) and Class C (electrical) fires. Does not cause water damage, but is hazardous to personnel. **2

Question 64

Differentiate between a lifeboat and a liferaft, outlining their construction, deployment, and survival capabilities as per SOLAS requirements.

Accepted Answer

Both are essential Life-Saving Appliances (LSAs) for abandoning ship, but differ significantly in design, capacity, and capabilities. **Lifeboat**: Rigid, permanently attached to davits (or free-fall ramp). Constructed from GRP (Glass Reinforced Plastic) or steel. Propelled by an internal combustion engine (e.g., diesel) and steering gear. **Construction & Capabilities**: Can be partially or totally enclosed, fire-protected, or self-righting. Has substantial provisions (food, water, first-aid, f

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