(a) Describe how the force on the ship's bottom and the GM vary when grounding takes place.
(6)
(b) A ship of 8,000 tonnes displacement takes the ground on a sand bank on a falling tide at an even keel draft of 5.2 metres. KG 4.0 metres. The predicted depth of water over the sand bank at the following low water is 3.2 metres. Calculate the GM at this time assuming that the KM will then be 5.0 metres and that the mean TPC is 15 tonne
(10)
Reference Answer
### Part (a): Force on Ship's Bottom and Variation in GM during Grounding **(i) Force on the Ship's Bottom** When a vessel runs aground, the seabed exerts an upward force on the hull at the point of contact. This is known as the Ground Reaction Force (P). * **Initial State:** In a freely floating condition, the ship's total weight (W) or displacement (Δ) is entirely supported by the force of buoyancy (B). Thus, W = B.
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