Class 1 (Chief Engineer) Engineering Management 📅 Aug 2025

Exam Question

(a) Enumerate the three main principles of LLMC (Limitation of Liability for Maritime Claims) convention 1976 and explain its linkage with two other IMO Liability and compensation Conventions. (5)

(b) Discuss what are the different liabilities covered under the LLMC (Limitation of Liability for Maritime Claims) Convention 1976. (5)

(c) Discuss the principles of the International Salvage Convention 1989, as established by the IMO. Furthermore, examine the rationale for extending liability limitation to salvors under the LLMC Convention, and specify the current liability limit applicable to them. (6)

Reference Answer

### (a) Main Principles of LLMC 1976 and Linkage with Other Conventions (5 Marks)
The Limitation of Liability for Maritime Claims (LLMC) Convention, 1976, is a cornerstone of international maritime law, establishing a system allowing shipowners and other specified parties (such as salvors) to limit their liability for a wide range of maritime claims. The three main principles are:
1. **Virtually Unbreakable Right to Limit Liability**: This is the fundamental principle of the convention. The right to limit liability is granted as an entitlement, not a privilege. It can only be broken if the claimant proves that the loss resulted from a **personal act or omission of the shipowner**, committed either:
* With the **intent** to cause such loss, or

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