Exam Question

(a) The root-mean-square (RMS) value of an alternating current (AC) or voltage waveform represents the equivalent DC value that would produce the same heating effect in a resistive load. In simpler terms, it's the effective value of the varying AC signal. For a sinusoidal waveform, the RMS value is 0.707 times the maximum (peak) value (Irms = 0.707 * Imax or Irms = Imax / √2). Ammeters and voltmeters typically measure the RMS value of current and voltage, respectively. Unless otherwise stated, values of AC current and voltage are assumed to be RMS values in electrical engineering.
The form factor of an AC waveform is the ratio of its RMS value to its average value. For a perfect sine wave, the form factor is approximately 1.11 (RMS value/Average Value = 1.11). This factor indicates how closely a waveform resembles a pure sine wave; a form factor closer to 1.11 suggests a waveform that is more sinusoidal.