Exam Question

(i) Voltage Stabilization:  
This refers to the process of maintaining a constant output voltage despite variations in the input voltage or load current. A stable voltage is required for the proper operation of electronic devices, as many are sensitive to voltage fluctuations. Methods for voltage stabilization include using Zener diodes, which maintain a constant voltage across them once a certain reverse bias voltage (breakdown voltage) is exceeded. Other methods involve using integrated circuits and feedback control loops to dynamically adjust the output voltage.
(ii) Filter Choke:
A filter choke is an inductor used in power supplies to smooth out the pulsating direct current (DC) produced by rectification. Inductors resist changes in current, so the choke helps to reduce the ripple voltage, resulting in a more stable DC output. The effectiveness of the filtering depends on the inductance of the choke and the frequency of the ripple. Often, filter chokes are used in conjunction with capacitors for optimal filtering.