Exam Question

(a) Identify and explain the primary causes of VOC emissions in oil tankers. Discuss how these emissions occur during various stages of the shipping process, including loading, transportation, and unloading. (7)

(b) Discuss the health risks associated with VOC emissions for both humans and marine life and its impact on air quality, climate change, and marine ecosystems. (6)

(c) Describe various methods and technologies used to prevent VOC emissions in oil tankers and discuss the effectiveness of these prevention measures. (7)