Class 1 (Chief Engineer) Engineering Management 📅 Nov 2024

Exam Question

(a) It is a common statement that '80% of accidents are caused due to human error'.

Discuss the term 'human error' referred to here of a complex hierarchical socio-technical system (6)

(b) The terms Human Element, Human Error and Human Factors have often been used interchangeably in relation with the maritime incidents/accidents. How in your opinion do these terms differ? Discuss with suitable examples (10)

Reference Answer

### Part (a): 'Human Error' in a Complex Hierarchical Socio-Technical System
The statement that '80% of accidents are caused by human error' is a simplification. In the context of a complex hierarchical socio-technical system, 'human error' is not merely an individual's mistake but rather a symptom of deeper systemic failures. It represents an action or decision at the 'sharp end' that becomes the final link in a chain of events leading to an accident, with root causes often originating elsewhere in the system.
A **Complex Hierarchical Socio-Technical System**, such as a modern shipping company, can be broken down as follows:
* **Complex**: It involves numerous interconnected components, including hardware (engines, navigation equipment), software (automation, management systems), personnel (crew, shore staff), and procedures (SMS, regulations). A failure in one part can have unforeseen consequences elsewhere.

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