Class 1 (Chief Engineer) Engineering Management 📅 Jun 2023

Exam Question

(a) One of the objectives of UNCLOS is protection of marine environment and prevention of pollution. Define pollution as per UNCLOS and discuss the key features of obligations of coastal states in this regard. (8)

(b) State the 3 main tiers of the oil pollution damage compensation conventions of the IMO. In each case elaborate on who is responsible for payment of compensation. Also state the source of funds as well as certification required by ship under each tier. (8)

Reference Answer

### (a) UNCLOS: Definition of Pollution and Obligations of Coastal States
#### Definition of Marine Pollution as per UNCLOS
According to Article 1 of the United Nations Convention on the Law of the Sea (UNCLOS), "pollution of the marine environment" is defined as:
> "The introduction by man, directly or indirectly, of substances or energy into the marine environment, including estuaries, which results or is likely to result in such deleterious effects as harm to living resources and marine life, hazards to human health, hindrance to marine activities, including fishing and other legitimate uses of the sea, impairment of quality for use of sea water and reduction of amenities."

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