Exam Question

### (a) Optimization of Ship's Size and Capacity (6 Marks)
**1. Core Principle: Economies of Scale**
The primary driver for improving energy efficiency through increased size is the principle of economies of scale. Energy efficiency in shipping is often measured by the Energy Efficiency Design Index (EEDI) or operationally by metrics like fuel consumption per tonne-mile of cargo transported (e.g., g/tonne-NM). As a ship's size and cargo capacity increase, the propulsive power required does not increase proportionally. A larger vessel benefits from a lower resistance-to-displacement ratio, resulting in a significant reduction in the fuel consumed to transport each unit of cargo.
**2. Scope of Application**