Exam Question
Define the following stating how they affect the ship structure and what component parts of the ship structure help to resist the effect:
(a) Racking (4)
(b) Panting (4)
(c) Pounding (4)
(d) Vibration from engine and propellers. (4)
Class 4 (4th Engineer)
SC&S
📅 Jan 2025
Reference Answer
### (a) Racking
**1. Definition:**
Racking is the transverse deformation of a ship's hull, where the cross-section distorts from its original rectangular shape into a parallelogram. This stress is induced by asymmetrical forces, primarily occurring when the ship is rolling heavily in a seaway. As the ship rolls, the inertia of the hull and its cargo, combined with the varying hydrostatic pressure on the hull sides, creates a turning moment that attempts to distort the ship's shape.
**2. Effect on Ship Structure:**
**1. Definition:**
Racking is the transverse deformation of a ship's hull, where the cross-section distorts from its original rectangular shape into a parallelogram. This stress is induced by asymmetrical forces, primarily occurring when the ship is rolling heavily in a seaway. As the ship rolls, the inertia of the hull and its cargo, combined with the varying hydrostatic pressure on the hull sides, creates a turning moment that attempts to distort the ship's shape.
**2. Effect on Ship Structure:**
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