Class 4 (4th Engineer) SC&S 📅 Apr 2024

Exam Question

(a) Describe the provisions of additional structural strength to withstand pounding. (6)

(b) A vessel travelling at 17 knots turns with a radius of 450 m when the rudder is put hard over. The centre of gravity is 7 m above the keel, the transverse metacentre 7.45 m above the keel and the centre of buoyancy 4 m above the keel. If the centripetal force is assumed to act at the centre of buoyancy, calculate the angle of heel when turning. The rudder force may be ignored. (10)

Reference Answer

### (a) Provisions of Additional Structural Strength to Withstand Pounding (6 Marks)
**1. Definition and Location:**
Pounding, or slamming, is the phenomenon where the forward bottom of the vessel, particularly in the ballast condition or rough head seas, emerges from the water and re-enters with a severe, high-impact force. This creates intense, localized hydrodynamic pressure on the hull structure. The area most susceptible to pounding damage extends from the fore-peak bulkhead to approximately 25-30% of the ship's length from the bow.
**2. Structural Reinforcements Mandated by Classification Societies:**

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