Exam Question

### (a) Description of a Semi-Balanced Rudder for Sketching
A semi-balanced rudder is designed to reduce the torque required to turn it, thereby allowing for smaller and more efficient steering gear. This is achieved by placing a portion of the rudder's surface area, typically 20-25%, forward of the turning axis (centerline of the rudder stock). When the rudder is turned, the hydrodynamic pressure acting on this forward 'balance area' creates a turning moment that counteracts the moment from the pressure on the aft main blade area.
#### (i) Details of Hinges or Pintles
The pintles and gudgeons form the hinge points for the rudder blade, providing radial support and allowing it to pivot smoothly. For a typical semi-balanced rudder on a vessel with a stern frame or skeg: