Exam Question

### (a) IMO Short Term Measures for GHG Control
The International Maritime Organization (IMO), through the Marine Environment Protection Committee (MEPC), has adopted short-term measures to reduce Greenhouse Gas (GHG) emissions from international shipping. These measures are amendments to MARPOL Annex VI and entered into force on 1st November 2022, with requirements taking effect from 1st January 2023. The two primary measures are:
1. **Energy Efficiency Existing Ship Index (EEXI):** This is a *technical measure* that establishes a minimum energy efficiency standard for existing ships. It is a one-time certification that compels shipowners to improve the design efficiency of their vessels to meet a specific required value, which is comparable to the Energy Efficiency Design Index (EEDI) requirements for new ships.
2. **Carbon Intensity Indicator (CII):** This is an *operational measure* that rates the carbon intensity of a ship's operations annually. It measures how efficiently a ship transports its cargo or passengers. Ships are given an annual rating from A to E, and the regulation requires a continuous improvement in operational efficiency.