Class 1 (Chief Engineer) Engineering Management 📅 Jun 2023

Exam Question

(a) The duration of responsibilities of the maritime carrier are different under different conventions regarding carriage of goods by sea. Explain this statement with examples. (8)

(b) A bulk carrier discharged the cargo of grain in a port. The consignee received some cargo in damaged condition. He claimed from the ship owner for the damage

to the cargo. What defense is available to the ship owner? (8)

Reference Answer

### (a) Duration of Carrier Responsibilities under Different Conventions
The statement is correct. The period for which a maritime carrier is responsible for the goods entrusted to them for carriage varies significantly depending on the international convention governing the contract of carriage. This period of responsibility defines when the carrier's liability for loss or damage to the cargo begins and ends. The evolution of these conventions reflects the changes in shipping practices, from break-bulk to containerized and multimodal transport.
Here is a detailed breakdown of the primary conventions:
**1. The Hague Rules (1924)**

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