Class 1 (Chief Engineer) Engineering Management 📅 Dec 2024

Exam Question

(a) The duration of responsibilities of the maritime carrier are different under different conventions regarding carriage of goods by sea. Explain this statement with examples. (8)

(b) A bulk carrier discharged the cargo of grain in a port. The consignee received some cargo in damaged condition. He claimed from the ship owner for the damage to the cargo. What defence is available to the ship owner? (8)

Reference Answer

### (a) Duration of Carrier Responsibilities under Maritime Conventions
The statement is correct. The period for which a maritime carrier is responsible for the cargo varies significantly across different international conventions. This period is defined by when liability commences and ceases. The evolution of these rules reflects changes in shipping practices from break-bulk to containerized and multimodal transport. The primary conventions are:
**1. The Hague Rules (1924)**
* **Duration:** Famously known as the **"tackle-to-tackle"** period.

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