(a) What are the main components of ship resistance that a vessel encounters while moving through water
(6)
(b) The speed of a ship is increased to 18% above normal for 7.5 hours, then reduced to 9% below normal for 10 hours. The speed is then reduced for the remainder of the day so that the consumption in the day is the normal amount. Find the percentage difference between the distance travelled in that day and the normal distance travelled per day.
(10)
Reference Answer
### (a) Main Components of Ship Resistance The total resistance (R_T) a ship encounters when moving through water is the sum of several distinct components. These can be broadly categorized into three main groups: 1. **Frictional Resistance (R_F)** * **Concept**: This resistance arises from the viscosity of the water. As the hull moves, a layer of water (the boundary layer) is dragged along with it. The friction between this layer and the surrounding stationary water, as well as the friction between the hull surface and the water, creates a dragging force that opposes the ship's motion.
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