Exam Question

### (a) Unseaworthy Vessel under the Merchant Shipping Act, 1958
As per the Merchant Shipping Act (MSA), 1958, as amended, an **unseaworthy vessel** is a ship that, due to its condition, is not fit to encounter the ordinary perils of the sea for the intended voyage without posing a grave danger to human life, the vessel itself, its cargo, or the marine environment. The concept of seaworthiness is not absolute but is relative to the specific voyage being undertaken.
Key factors that render a vessel unseaworthy include deficiencies in the following areas:
1. **Technical Seaworthiness (Hull, Machinery & Equipment - HME):**