Exam Question

With regard to ballast water Management Convention, Explain following:

(a) Ballast water exchange standard. (4)

(b) Ballast water Performance standard. (4)

(c) Treatment methods for ballast water. (4)

(d) Approval methods for treatment system using active and non-active substances (4)

(e) What are the marine pollution problems related to port development such as ballast water, dredging and spills from ships. (4)