Exam Question

With regards to modern 4-stroke diesel engine explain the following.

(a) The function of protection ring installed on the upper part of liner.

(b) The moderation in fuel injection drive system compared to conventional 4-stroke engine.

(c) Staggering of layout for multi hole nozzles.

(d) Effect of swirl and squish during the combusion process and how swirl and squish is generated.